China President Election Electing the NPC

With a population of 1.3 billion people, direct elections of national leaders in China would likely be a task of Herculean proportions. Thats why Chinese election procedures for its highest leaders are instead based on an elaborate series of representative elections. Heres what you should know about the National Peoples Congress and the election process in the Peoples Republic of China. What Is the National Peoples Congress? The National Peoples Congress, or NPC, is the supreme organ of state power in China. It is composed of deputies who are elected from various provinces, regions, and government bodies across the country. Each congress is elected for a five-year term.   The NPC is responsible for the following: Amending the constitution and overseeing its enforcement.Enacting and amending basic laws  governing criminal offenses, civil affairs, state organs, and other matters.Electing and appointing members  to central state organs, including the chairman, vice chairmen, secretary-general, and other members of the NPC Standing Committee. The NPC also elects the President and Vice-President of the Peoples Republic of China. In spite of these official powers, the 3,000-person NPC is largely a symbolic body, as members are not often willing to challenge leadership. Therefore, true political authority rests with the Chinese Communist Party, whose leaders ultimately set policy for the country. While the NPCs power is limited, there have been times in history when dissenting voices from the NPC have forced decision-making goals and policy reconsideration. How the Elections Work Chinas representative elections begin with a direct vote of the people in local and village elections operated by local election committees. In cities, the local elections are broken down by residential area or work units. Citizens 18 and older vote for their  village and local people’s congresses, and those congresses, in turn, elect the representatives to provincial people’s congresses. The provincial congresses in China’s 23 provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities directly ruled by the Central Government, special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macao, and armed forces then elect the roughly 3,000 delegates to the National People’s Congress (NPC). The National People’s Congress is empowered to elect China’s president, premier, vice president, and Chair of the Central Military Commission as well as the president of the Supreme People’s Court and the procurator-general of the Supreme People’s Procuratorate. The NPC also elects the NPC Standing Committee, a 175-member body made up of NPC representatives that meets year-round to approve routine and administrative issues. The NPC also has the power to remove any of the above-listed positions. On the first day of the Legislative Session, the NPC also elects the NPC Presidium, made up of 171 of its members. The Presidium determines the session’s agenda, voting procedures on bills, and a list of non-voting delegates that can attend the NPC session. Sources: Ramzy, A. (2016). Q. and A.: How China’s National People’s Congress Works. Retrieved October 18, 2016, from http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/05/world/asia/china-national-peoples-congress-npc.html The National Peoples Congress of the Peoples Republic of China. (n.d.). Functions and Powers of the National Peoples Congress. Retrieved October 18, 2016, from http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/Organization/2007-11/15/content_1373013.htm The National Peoples Congress of the Peoples Republic of China. (n.d.). National Peoples Congress. Retrieved October 18, 2016, from http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/Organization/node_2846.htm

Margaret Sanger, An American Nurse, Pioneered The Modern...

Margaret Sanger, an American nurse, pioneered the modern birth control movement in the United States. She began her movement in 1912, with the publication of information about women s reproductive concerns through magazine articles, pamphlets, and several books. In 1914, Margaret Sanger was charged with violating the Comstock Law, a federal legislation prohibiting the mailing of obscene material including information about birth control and contraceptive devices. Despite being imprisoned for her actions, she continued to publish information about birth control. On October 16, 1916, in Brooklyn, New York, Margaret Sanger along with her sister Ethel Byrne opened the first of several birth control clinics in America. In 1936 Congress revised†¦show more content†¦Norplant and Depo Provera are both types of injected contraceptives. Norplant consists of six flexible capsules that are inserted under the skin of a female s upper and are filled with progesterone that is released to p revent ovaries from releasing an egg. Norplant is 99% effective, but is also not protective against STD s and includes side effects such as irregular bleeding, headaches, nausea, and depression. Depo Provera, a contraceptive injection, is given to a woman by a doctor of health care professional in the arm or buttock every 12 weeks to prevent ovaries from releasing an egg and or to thicken cervical mucus to keep sperm from reaching the egg. It is also 99% effective and just like Norplant and birth control pills it does not protect against STD s. After discontinuing the use of Depo Provera, it may take up to two years before the woman becomes fertile again. Condoms can be bought in male and female forms. A male condom also called a rubber   or prophylactic   is a sheath of latex or animal tissue that is placed on the erect penis before it is inserted into the vagina to catch ejaculated semen, and, therefore, not allowing it to enter the woman s vagina. A female condom is a plast ic sac with a ring on each end that is inserted into the vagina to catch the male s semen as he ejaculates. The effectiveness of a male condom

Variation Orders In Highway Project In Sultanate Of Oman - Samples

Question: Discuss about Variation Orders In Highway Project In Sultanate Of Oman. Answer: Introduction Oman is a GCC country that has been part of a high growth especially in the construction sector plus a fast growth in the population. There is large group of young people coming in hence higher demand usually for housing plus other building start-ups at Muscat the capital city bringing in a tourism appeal, there are other construction sectors involving the industrial plus the transport at Sohar, Salalah plus Duqm sites also are the development of seaports and airports, the utilities, does do reconstruct the governmental buildings, some of the landmarks projects. As the saying goes where there are advantages, there are disadvantages too hence the construction project at Oman does do have its challenges (Ramady, 2014). The variations that are usually issued that is during construction happens to be time-consuming plus are also costly hence being causes of disruption, of delay, of disputes plus does do generate a cost effect and this gets worse for there is no method available for controlling this. The contracting that is performed in Oman is connected to the construction-type projects instead of the services together with the supplies contracts. Often some changes do occur that is during contract execution usually regarding the scope changes, some of the variations that are in quantities, the changes that are in design, the extension of time plus the unit rate changes. The Omans most used standard construction contract is The Standard Documents for Building Civil Engineering (Choi, 2004). The article 51 usually entitled Alterations, the additions plus the omissions, gives that variations that is to the original area usually of works are often permissible as; Engineer must make variations of the quality or rather the quantity of Works or rather any area approved by the Employer hence order the Contractor to acting by; raising or rather lowering the amount of any task , to making a difference in the trait or rather the quality, to omitting any job, to making a difference in the levels, the lines set themselves together with the dimensions and finally to running the added work. Some more issues will most certainly arise as a consequence of any variations to the original scope of works. Such issues will likely manifest in both lump-sum and cost-reimbursement contracts and will need to be quickly redressed to circumvent any future disputes. Some common problems that will likely arise include reimbursement for supplies in which the contractor had previously purchased in anticipation for individual works; future modifications to monthly payment terms and interim certificates; time extensions as they relate to variation claims; the amount of retention money; and adjustments to the original contract value (Sanderson, 2006). What to find out when assessing the differences usually in this construction projects is one the causes of variations, their impact that is on the project, the identifying of the beneficial groups. The tasks included the presentation of actual case studies and preparation of a questionnaire. The causes of variations are requesting for extra job or rather changes because of new findings plus some other considerations, the owner making some requests for modification of work, unclearly of scope requirements at design stage, the failure to making decisions when required, the non-availability that is of the field construction site engineers , a poor communication that is in between the relevant governmental units plus the owner, the non-availability usually of the previous completed project records, the failing to giving the right information to tender documents, the non-anticipation of the designs natural growth, design periods that are usually not realistic, the scarcity of the engineer ing registration that is for the engineers in Oman so as to ensuring excellent consultancy services is well maintained, the shortage of usually of the whole project planning, the building schedule is not real including the conditions often for building are old plus usually do not match the activities of development already present. So as to determine the impacts of variation construction in Oman they had to one, delay the completion date, the cost had to overruns, the contractors had to incur other expenses, the claims plus disputes then the owner, the designer/consultant, the contractor did get advantaged that is from the giving of the variations that is to the contract (Chartered Institute of building Great Britain, 2014) The recommendations is by the setting of activities so as to minimize the changes in building in Oman such as a standard document usually should be developed so as to develop the stages from the start of the project till end, while a permanent standard document should be designed so as to covering all the construction regulations then permitting the required that is for projects usually built in Oman, a quantity surveyor together with the project manager should work with large built projects plus a conventional learning database system should be constructed and distributed among the governmental units, the technical committee establishment so as to reviewing the overall plan and finally reviewing of the registration that is the consulting companies plus allowing the design engineer to practice without professional license. Challenges There are the economic problems that are the additional cost and the incremental time. There are the capacity or rather the professional challenges such as the insufficiency of knowledge that is on green technologies together with material, the limited availability that is the green suppliers plus the information, limitation of quantitative evaluation tools, insufficiency of the construction codes plus the changes plus the limitation of professional capacity (Konar, 2011). There are the societal challenges too that do include the inadequacy of the political incentives, the refusal to change the traditional building processes and the limitation of public awareness. The technological issues are like the lack of sustainable technologies workability, the misunderstanding of the technical activities plus the restriction of enough green technological specifications. Parties in projects in Oman are the project owner or maker, the employers engineering, the architectural and other consultants, the employers contractor, the contractors subcontractors plus the suppliers (Konar, 2011). The Delay Causes In Construction Plans According to Keane Caletka, (2015) the design delays, the changes possible in the initial layout, the complexity, the construction delay, the variations plus the claims, the change of scope, the financial ability, the insufficiency of funds, the unavailability of themanagement team, unspecialized subcontractors, limitation of project management, restriction of experience of the consultant, inadequacy of knowledge of that is by the contractors Literature Review The construction of office complex Objective Staying within a reasonable budget, development of the car parks meant for the staffs plus the public users, the building of a multi-storey building so as to accommodate 750 workers, the providence of comfortable plus a fast communication together with IT services that is for the public, the maintenance of security service there and the construction of the consensus in between the requirements plus the minor essentials (Orstavik, Dainty Abbott, 2015). There are some of the criteria that are desired like the materials selected that is to a high standard, construction of external view that is to be Oman's building styles, design fitting traits widening and private service roads to be as per Royal Oman Police standards plus the classifications. The construction of Container Terminal Objectives The building of a container terminal, building of breakwater system, giving a comfortable plus a fast services for usually the vessels, bringing up of the existing services, the construction of berths so as increasing the terminal cargo capacity, being within a reasonable budget, the making of consensus that is in between the already there services plus the services that are in the list of requirement. The construction of road Objective The building of 6 km of internal road network for the purpose of connecting the internal central blocks plus the expressway highway, the substantial earthworks, the construction of the roundabouts, the guard rails, the traffic signs, the installing of the street lighting that is for six km road length plus the ticking done on the roads, the building of Ripraps that is along the path slopes, fixing of pipes plus the box culverts plus the construction of parking areas together with the substations of the power so as to offering power of the road services The Fast Ferry Service Project Involves the building of the fast ferry service equipment usually at the north area of Oman with the activities there being the construction of berthing facilities, of bridges that are linked, of the pontoons, of the mooring piles, of the building of water plus the sewage networks, the construction of custom plus the immigrant buildings, rearrangement of wastewater. The stages involved feasibility stage, the concept plus design stage, the young stages plus the building plus the maintenance stage (Rickman, 2008). Others Case Studies Khalid 2012, an MSc. Thesis was done for taking controls of the variation orders usually in water plus the wastewater projects in Jordan with the main effect being conflict in between the contact forms, the mistakes plus those left out in the design, to unforeseen issues, to the project place conditions differences, to the insufficiency model , to the differences that is in specifications, in the inadequate working drawings, the change that is in design that is by consultant, effects of the variation orders be completion time plan delay, more of project cost , more in the overhead cost, more payments for procurement delay plus the contractors. Priyantha et al., (2011) shown that the highways aids in the economic growth of the upcoming countries. Variations here is one of the issues that does do arise because of unclear scopes that is of the tasks defined at the beginning. Its primary objective was for recognizing, the causes plus the impacts that are of variations usually in highways construction. Lanka which was just a survey, a questionnaire survey targeting on finding out the causes of variations plus the semi-structured interviews carried out with getting data about nature plus the impacts of the changes. The outcome was the change in demand does do rise plus the mind power being reasons for an owner with the faults together with the layout differences in Bill of Quantities being for consultant originated variations (Woolley, 2001). Ming Sun (2009) let the cat out of the bag that on many building projects, the regular differences did land into cost overruns, to time delays, to quality faults. To fill the knowledge gap then reviewing plus synthesizing the already literature that is on project difference did causes plus the impacts, the coming up of two taxonomies for difference causes plus the difference effects and finally the illustration of how the taxonomies were being used. Arain and Peng (2005), explained on the coming up of the Knowledge Based Decision Support System (KBDSS) meant formanagement that is of variation orders for the institutional buildings that are in Singapore. KBDSS got two primary parts, a knowledgebase matched with the decision support shell that is for choosing the appropriate controls. So as to come up with the database then the accumulation of information that is from usually the source documents of 79 institutional construction projects, the questionnaire survey, the literature review. KBDSS does do exhibits their pertinent details plus as variations, the assortment of filtered knowledge. Sambasivan Soon (2005) said that the problem of delays usually within the construction industry is a worldwide phenomenon with the construction industry in Malaysia being included. The important objective is to finding out the delay variables effect that is on the job conclusion. According to the study were the following factors causing delay, the contractors improper preparation, the contractor's site mismanagement, insufficiency of the contractor expertise, the inadequacy of the owner's financing plus the payments that is for the finished work, the challenges that is with subcontractors plus an empirical relationship in between each cause plus impact. A. Koushki et al., (2005) carried out the delays plus cost rise usually in the construction that is of private residential projects that are in Kuwait, in the time-delays plus the cost increases often associated with the construction of private housing projects that is in the State of Kuwait were determined. Major projects Sakhel, Geissen, Vogelpohl, (2017) Oman Convention Exhibition Centre is one of the projects that accumulated US$1 billion, with the approximation end date being in 2016. Two was the Sohar Airport costing US$500 million, with an estimate end date being 2014. Three is the Salalah Port expansion that cost was US$450 million. Four was the Omans national rail network whose value is not defined till now, but the targeted end date is 2018. Five is the Duqm city, the drydocks plus the refinery whose cost is US$20 billion. Six is the Ghubrah Independent Water Project whose cost is US$380 million with the end date approximation being 2014. Seven is the Batinah Expressway whose cost is US$2.59 billion. Eight is the Muscat Salalah International Airport expansion whose cost is US$5.2 billion and finally is the Salalah Medical City with a cost of US$1 billion. Methodology The source of the data that was required was collected from the clients plus the consultantsrecords to show each activity carried out. The forms of data collection were usually designed by authors so as to unify the data collection that is for all delay. The indices for delay used for comparison involved the percentage of delay, the percentage of delay plus the average delay rate (Biddle Emmett, 2013) The secondary sources were the most used ones. I have studied the plans for the Oman construction from the booklets, the publications issued by this Ministry of development time to time about the topic plus from books, from newspapers, from magazine together with the internet. Also a good review on thirty-eight public building projects usually on non-similar project kinds together with the sizes that is plus the residential, the offices plus the infrastructure and the service projects with the aim of investigating the cost overrun status (Hamilton, 2005). Conclusions Construction is a labor-intensive industry making labor productivity to remain the industry's predominant identifier of performance. Amongst the biggest challenges facing the construction sector in the Sultanate of Oman is usually the low labor productivity hence if identification, exploration plus the ranking making is the goal. Issues that are caused by the delay usually incompletion that is of construction projects generally in Oman got to be diagnosed and assessed hence to conclusion that; the delay in building the projects in Oman between the 2007-2009 is greater than 40 percent that is usually the planned time, and according to this percentage it shows a high rate. The owners minding about the delay generally in the construction projects does do build up capabilities of studying their plans in each given stage. The maximum delay between 2007-2009 was found to be 300 per cent hence need for studying the planning plus the efficiency of the right building forums. References Abell, R. (1983). Economics of staged construction of flexible road pavements. Crowthorne, Berkshire, Transport and Road Research Laboratory. Al Kaaf, K. A. (2014). Transferability and calibration of the highway safety manual performance functions and development of new models for urban four-lane divided roads. Orlando, Fla, University of Central Florida. Australia. (1996). Employment effects of road construction. Canberra, Bureau of Transport and Communications Economics. Biddle, J. E., Emmett, R. B. (2013). Reserach in the history of economic thought and methodology: a research annual. Chartered Institute of building (Great Britain). (2014). Code of practice for project management for construction and development. Choi, Y.-K. (2004). Principles of applied civil engineering design. Reston, VA, American Society of Civil Engineers. Ei-Shirbeeny, E., Bakka, M. (2003). Experimental pilot project for automating street lighting system in Abu Dhabi using powerline communications. 2, 743-746 Vol.2. Gerwick, B. C. (1993). Construction of prestressed concrete structures. New York, Wiley. Gonzalez P., Gonzalez V., Molenaar K., Orozco F. (2014). Analysis of causes of delay and time performance in construction projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 140. Hamilton, J. (2005). Primary and secondary sources. Edina, Minn, ABDO Pub. Hoshiyama, Y. (2006). Construction of a deep-water earthquake-resistant container terminal by the jacket method. On Course : P.I.A.N.C. Magazine A.I.P.C.N. 37-44. Ibrahim Mahamid, A. Al-Ghonamy, M. Aichouni. (2015). Risk Matrix for Delay Causes in Construction Projects in Saudi Arabia. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology. 9, 666-671. International Conference of Green Building Materials and Energy-Saving Construction, DU, Z., Wang, Z. (2011). Green building materials and energy-saving construction: selected, peer reviewed papers from the 2011 International Conference of Green Building Materials and Energy-saving Construction (GBMEC 2011) will be held on August 6, 2011 in Harbin, China. Durnten-Zurich, Switzerland, Trans Tech. Keane, P. J., Caletka, A. F. (2015). Delay Analysis in Construction Contracts. Hoboken, Wiley. Konar, B. (2011). Critical evaluation and thermodynamic optimization of the iron-rare-earth systems. Montreal, McGill University Libraries. Oman. (1977). Loan agreement (highway maintenance project) between Sultanate of Oman and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. [Washington, D.C.], [World Bank]. Orozco, F., Gonza?lez, P., Molenaar, K., Gonza?lez, V. (2014). Analysis of Causes of Delay and Time Performance in Construction Projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 140. Orstavik, F., Dainty, A. R. J., Abbott, C. (2015). Construction Innovation. Hoboken, Wiley Ramady, M. A. (2014). Political, Economic and Financial Country Risk: Analysis of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Rickman, S. B. (2008). Nancy Love and the WASP ferry pilots of World War II. Denton, Tex, University of North Texas Press. Sakhel, S. R., Geissen, S.-U., Vogelpohl, A. (2017). Virtual industrial water usage and wastewater generation in the Middle East and North Africa 2011-2015. Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration. 2, 1-18. Sanderson, C. J. (2006). Analytical models for decision making. Maidenhead, Open University Press. S?Elih, J., Srdic?, A. (2006). Time and cause delay analysis in construction projects. Me?unarodna Konferencija 2006 Savremeni Problemi U Gra?evinarstvu. Trankell, I.-B. (1999). On the road in Laos: an anthropological study of road construction and rural communities. Bangkok, White Lotus Press, Uppsala University. United States, Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. (1974). Larkspur Ferry Terminal supplemental no. 1 to final environmental statement, the Golden Gate ferry and bus service project. [Place of publication not identified], Urban Mass Transportation Administration. Virine, L., Trumper, M. (2015). Predicting the unpredictable: how to analyze project risks using event chain methodology. PM Network. 29. Wisconsin. (1977). Proposed project to rehabilitate the Arthur K. Atkinson Car Ferry and improve cross Lake Michigan car ferry service. Madison, Wis, The Division. Woolley, R. D. D. (2001). Find your way around JCT 98: private with quantities. London, Spon Press. World Bank. (1985). Report and recommendation of the president of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development to the executive directors on a proposed loan in the amount equivalent to US$3.0 million to the Sultanate of Oman for a third highway maintenance project. [Washington], World Bank. World Bank. (1985). Staff appraisal report: Sultanate of Oman : a highway maintenance project. [Washington], World Bank.

The Caning Punishment Issue Essay Example For Students

The Caning Punishment Issue Essay Comp/2nd1/14/97The Caning Punishment IssueReintroducing corporeal punishment would lower the crime rate and give some justice to the victims. There should be a defined level to the punishment and to which crimes it should be dealt. Establishing such laws should also take in to account the growing crime rate and the need to solve this problem. America broke free from the rule of England because of the injustices they believed were being done to them. One of the things the Americans wanted to break free of was cruel and unusual punishment. It is one of the things that makes our country what it is today for better or worse. A Caning, which can leave the person scarred for life, is a cruel and unusual punishment for repairable damage against private property. Still measures must be taken to stop criminal activity. We will write a custom essay on The Caning Punishment Issue specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A caning for stealing or trying to kill someone would be a reasonable level to introduce corporeal punishment. Men committing such crimes would normally be sent to jail. While not being free is bad, these men really lose nothing but time. The victim should also get the relief of seeing some damage done for his pains. This would be a little bit of vengeance for the victim. As a victim this might not set it right but it would help them feel a little better. This would also make a very big impression on me. If I knew I could get a very bad lashing for doing something wrong, I would not do it. With the growing crime rate some different actions have to be taken. What we are doing now is not working very well. Corporeal punishment seems like a good place to start.It is a deterrent step which we could take without expanding the use of the death penalty. Corporeal punishment instituted to a limited degree, not to the level they have in Singapore, would lower crime. Singapore has a $316 fine for chewing gum which is wrong and to the extreme for such a small crime. Similar laws in our country would not be possible because they would violate our constitutional rights. Yet, reserved for more serious crimes well define corporeal punishment would help lower our crime rate and help give comfort to the victims of the criminals. Category: English

Free Essays on Vasco Da Gama

Vasco Da Gama Vasco De Gama was a Portuguese explorer, born in the year 1460, to a noble family in Sines, Portugal, and died in Cochin, India, on December 24, 1524. He was responsible for the discovery of an oceanic route from Portugal to the east. From a tender age, De Gama had a taste for the sea. He grew up in a sea-faring environment where fishing, swimming, boating, and sailing had a huge impact in shaping his future as an explorer. He was simply a gentleman at the court of King Manuel when he was commissioned for his famous voyage. King Manuel’s plan was to remove the â€Å"Muslim middleman†. He desired Portuguese supremacy over the oriental oceanic trades and did this by sending Da Gama on this voyage. This voyage was to be the first step towards the realization of King Manuel’s ambitions for Portugal. After only his first voyage, Vasco Da Gama had accomplished the same amount of great discoveries and fame that took many other explorers their lifetimes to gain. He ac hieved King Manuel’s goal of discovering a sea route to India, which opened a major oceanic trade for Portugal. On July 8, 1497 Da Gama departed from the Tagus River in Lisbon, Portugal.1 His objectives were to establish a sea route to India in order to engage in the eastern spice trade and make contact and treaties with local Christian rulers. Da Gama voyage consisted of four ships. He commanded St. Gabriella, which was the flagship, accompanied by St. Raphael, Berrio, and St. Marin, which contained large amount of supplies. These ships were also well armed for safety (852). Da Gama was ahead of his time, thanks mostly to an intelligent system of organization, which was provided by the nautical schools that King Henry established. He took advantage of wind patterns, which were helpful and swung southwest instead of taking the usual direct route towards the Cape of Good Hope. In doing so, they got the most favorable winds. Da Gama, therefore, achieved t... Free Essays on Vasco Da Gama Free Essays on Vasco Da Gama Vasco Da Gama Vasco De Gama was a Portuguese explorer, born in the year 1460, to a noble family in Sines, Portugal, and died in Cochin, India, on December 24, 1524. He was responsible for the discovery of an oceanic route from Portugal to the east. From a tender age, De Gama had a taste for the sea. He grew up in a sea-faring environment where fishing, swimming, boating, and sailing had a huge impact in shaping his future as an explorer. He was simply a gentleman at the court of King Manuel when he was commissioned for his famous voyage. King Manuel’s plan was to remove the â€Å"Muslim middleman†. He desired Portuguese supremacy over the oriental oceanic trades and did this by sending Da Gama on this voyage. This voyage was to be the first step towards the realization of King Manuel’s ambitions for Portugal. After only his first voyage, Vasco Da Gama had accomplished the same amount of great discoveries and fame that took many other explorers their lifetimes to gain. He ac hieved King Manuel’s goal of discovering a sea route to India, which opened a major oceanic trade for Portugal. On July 8, 1497 Da Gama departed from the Tagus River in Lisbon, Portugal.1 His objectives were to establish a sea route to India in order to engage in the eastern spice trade and make contact and treaties with local Christian rulers. Da Gama voyage consisted of four ships. He commanded St. Gabriella, which was the flagship, accompanied by St. Raphael, Berrio, and St. Marin, which contained large amount of supplies. These ships were also well armed for safety (852). Da Gama was ahead of his time, thanks mostly to an intelligent system of organization, which was provided by the nautical schools that King Henry established. He took advantage of wind patterns, which were helpful and swung southwest instead of taking the usual direct route towards the Cape of Good Hope. In doing so, they got the most favorable winds. Da Gama, therefore, achieved t...

Data Centers Routing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Data Centers Routing - Research Paper Example It had been established that the traditional architectural networks failed to meet the basic requirements of information as well as communication technology in efficiently supporting business in the society with effectiveness. It is important to underscore the high costs that were associated with the ancient networking structural format (Abts & Kim, 2011). Maintenance of multiple networks made up of different architectures with each having its own unique characteristics, tools, and the set of technical skills always increases the costs of operation and decreases the adaptability to the highly dynamic business requirements. It is imperative to underscore the fact that data centers are mostly driven by a wide variety of computer services and this includes the search engines, online office together with social networking as well as information technology or even infrastructural outsourcing. The main motivation behind the increasing demand for data center network is for the firms to enjo y economy of scale arising from large amounts of data and connect many servers .The most important issue is how to connect a sizable number of servers with an efficient routing system. In this research, the concept of basic data routing will be explored to establish the possibilities of developing the most efficient and cost effective data center networks. There are various motivational factors as well as obstacles that surround the application of data center routing. The basic foundation of supporting many applications of the internet is pegged on data centers (Abts & Kim, 2011). This information technology concept is also instrumental in the operation of the enterprises and scientific operation. The principal challenge in this concept is how to develop a data intensive communication through a large scale data center routing that can link many servers in a system of computers. It has been found out that data center network’s server centric plays the role of being the host as well as

President Grover Cleveland Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

President Grover Cleveland - Research Paper Example He was also nick named as Uncle Jumbo. His commitment towards truth and honesty can be witnessed in his famous words; â€Å"To be president, you should have honesty. Honesty is always telling the truth. Do you tell the truth? Above all tell the truth† (American President – Grover Cleveland). Cleveland has contributed heavily to American politics and social life. This paper analyses Cleveland’s life and his contributions to American politics and society. Cleveland was born on March 18, 1837 in Caldwell, New Jersey. He grew up in New York. He started attending school at the age of 11. When his father died in 1853, Cleveland left school to work and support his family. He moved in 1855 to live and work with his Uncle in Buffalo, New York. He studied law in Buffalo and was admitted to the bar in 1859 (Kelly) Cleveland got married only after he became the twenty second president of America. Probably, he is the only president in the history of America who got married as a president of America. He was 49 at the time of his marriage and his wife Frances Folsom was only 21 at that time. He had five children (three daughters and two sons) in this relationship; however he was alleged to have another child in a premarital relationship. During the Civil War he had hired a substitute when drafted into the army. This was perfectly legal but certainly a disadvantage at a time when most successful northern politicians made much of their military achievements in defense of the Union. More serious still, Cleveland was the father of an illegitimate child. He had provided for the support of the child, but in those Victorian times knowledge of his transgression, should it become widely known, seemed sure to cost him heavily at the polls. Yet three years later he was elected president of the United States (Garraty) The election of Cleveland as America’s president is still mysterious to many people. Cleveland never possessed the normal qualities required for getting the candidature of Democratic Party. He was not much educated and had some illegal relationships while he was selected as the Democratic Marty candidate for presidential election. Military service was compulsory in American military; however he escaped from that using by drafting a substitute into the military. In short, none of his personal, academic or professional achievements or qualities were popular; yet he succeeded in winning the president election purely because of his anti-corruption stands and some other popular opinions he expressed on various issues. Cleveland started his political life during the latter half of nineteenth century after the completion of his law studies. He has gained immense publicity because of his anti-corruption stands since corruption was widespread in American political and social life circuits. He has taken Democratic Party membership and won the mayor election of Buffalo in 1882. Later, (during the period 1883-1885) he became the govern or of New York. He has caught the attention of the people not because of his fight against corruption alone; but because of his stands against tariffs, inflation, imperialism etc. He has demanded political and economic reforms in America which made him the real hero of American politics during the latter part of nineteenth century. Cleveland's phenomenal political rise was not entirely due to his honesty and courage, which were considerable. His unusual success was possible because the American people had become